[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3417},["ShallowReactive",2],{"home-featured-ja":3,"home-latest-ja":3151},[4,308,1233,2675],{"_path":5,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":9,"description":10,"date":11,"author":12,"tags":13,"readingTime":16,"body":17,"_type":302,"_id":303,"_source":304,"_file":305,"_stem":306,"_extension":307},"\u002Fja\u002Fblog\u002Ftop-quantum-computing-companies-2026","blog",false,"","2026年7月時点の量子コンピューティング企業ランキングと解説","2026年7月時点で本当に重要な量子コンピューティング企業を、プレスリリースの熱気ではなく実際の売上、実際のハードウェアの節目、実際の手元資金で評価したランキング。IonQの数字はその順位に見合っている。Rigettiの数字はまだ競合他社に及んでいない。","2026-08-01","FreeQuantumComputing",[14,15],"Industry","Hardware",12,{"type":18,"children":19,"toc":287},"root",[20,28,42,49,70,76,81,87,92,113,118,124,137,143,148,154,159,164,170,175,181,186,192,197,203,208,214,253,258],{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":23,"children":24},"element","p",{},[25],{"type":26,"value":27},"text","「量子コンピューティング企業トップ」を謳うリストの多くは、見出しの量子ビット数か、直近のプレスリリースの新しさで順位を決めている。どちらもほとんど意味を持たない。フィデリティの数値が伴わない量子ビット数は、そのマシンが実際に役立つ仕事をしているかどうかを何も語らないし、プレスリリースはマーケティング予算を測るものであって、ハードウェアのロードマップを測るものではない。",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":29,"children":30},{},[31,33,40],{"type":26,"value":32},"このランキングでは代わりに三つの基準を使う。実証された技術的進展（フィデリティ、論理量子ビット、見出しの主張だけではなく独立に再現可能な結果）、商業的な牽引力（売上、契約、受注残）、そして財務的な耐久力（資金消費率に対する手元資金の状況）だ。ある数字が企業自身の主張だけを根拠にしている場合は、その旨を明示している。当サイトの",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":35,"children":37},"a",{"href":36},"\u002Flandscape",[38],{"type":26,"value":39},"業界一覧ページ",{"type":26,"value":41},"には各カテゴリーで60社以上を収録している。この記事はその対極にある。誰が実際に先行していて、声の大きい名前の一部がなぜそうではないのかを短く、独自の視点でまとめたリストだ。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":44,"children":46},"h2",{"id":45},"_1-ibm-quantum",[47],{"type":26,"value":48},"1. IBM Quantum",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":50,"children":51},{},[52,54,60,62,68],{"type":26,"value":53},"IBMは業界で最も幅広いプラットフォームであり続けており、2026年7月は記録に残る中でも特に力強い月だった。三つの異なるパートナーと三つの異なる検証手法による、三件の別々の量子アドバンテージ成果が同日に発表された。",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":55,"children":57},{"href":56},"\u002Fblog\u002Fibm-quantum-advantage-triple-announcement-2026",[58],{"type":26,"value":59},"この発表の全容はこちらで取り上げている",{"type":26,"value":61},"。Nighthawkプロセッサ（120量子ビット、218の可変結合器）はすでに稼働しており、IBMの公開ロードマップは一連の中間システムを経て2029年までのフォールトトレランス実現を目指し、表面符号に比べて誤り訂正のオーバーヘッドを約90%削減するqLDPC系の符号への移行を進めている。IBMのOpen Planも、誰もが無料で実機に回路を実行できる最も簡単な方法であり続けており、これが次世代の量子開発者の学び方の中心にIBMを位置づけている。自分で試してみたいなら",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":63,"children":65},{"href":64},"\u002Fblog\u002Fibm-quantum-free-tier-2026",[66],{"type":26,"value":67},"IBM Quantum無料プランのガイド",{"type":26,"value":69},"を参照してほしい。IBMの弱点はその幅広さの裏返しでもある。これだけ多くのことが同時に起きていると、一つ一つの成果が受ける検証は、より小規模で焦点を絞った競合が受けるものより手薄になる。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":71,"children":73},{"id":72},"_2-google-quantum-ai",[74],{"type":26,"value":75},"2. Google Quantum AI",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":77,"children":78},{},[79],{"type":26,"value":80},"GoogleのWillowプロセッサは2025年末にQuantum Echoesの成果を出した（Nature誌に掲載）。論文はこの計算を、利用可能な最良の古典的手法よりも約1万3000倍高速だと見積もっている。その1年前のしきい値以下の誤り訂正実証は、この分野で完全に独立した検証を受けた数少ない節目の一つであり続けている。Googleは2026年3月、超伝導方式の研究に加えて中性原子の研究にも着手した。トランズモン量子ビットが最終的な答えではない可能性への備えだ。Googleは競合他社より発表頻度が少なく、発表と発表の間に語る情報も少ない。これは擁護できる研究戦略だが、月単位で進捗を追いにくくもしている。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":82,"children":84},{"id":83},"_3-ionq",[85],{"type":26,"value":86},"3. IonQ",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":88,"children":89},{},[90],{"type":26,"value":91},"純粋な量子ハードウェア企業の中で、IonQの数字は業界で最も強い。これは宣伝文句ではなく事実の記述だ。2026年第1四半期の売上高は6470万ドルに達し、前年同期比755%増となった。通期のガイダンスは2億6000万〜2億7000万ドルに引き上げられ、残存履行義務は4億7000万ドル、前年比554%増だった。これは希望的観測で運営している企業の姿ではない。政府部門での牽引力もそれを裏付けている。ミサイル防衛局との契約枠は上限1510億ドル（上限であって支出の保証ではないが、それでも異例の規模だ）、2026年4月には新規のDARPA契約、韓国のKISTI研究所とのソブリン量子HPC提携もある。",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":93,"children":94},{},[95,97,103,105,111],{"type":26,"value":96},"ハードウェア面では、IonQのトラップイオン方式はOxford Ionics買収由来の「スムーズゲート」技術の恩恵を受けている。同社によれば、この技術は完全な基底状態冷却を必要とせずに2量子ビットゲートのフィデリティを99.99%超に引き上げるという。独立検証で裏付けられれば、本物の工学的近道になる。IonQはまた2025年12月、量子LDPC符号向けのデコーダー成果（Beam Search）を発表し、標準的なBP-OSDに対して論理エラー率を5.6〜17倍削減し、通常のCPUコア上でミリ秒未満のデコードを実現すると主張している。もしIonQの想定通りにスケールするなら、競合が追求しているFPGAやASICのルートよりもかなり安価なリアルタイムデコードへの道になる。この話題は",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":98,"children":100},{"href":99},"\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-error-decoding-bottleneck",[101],{"type":26,"value":102},"リアルタイムデコーディングのボトルネック",{"type":26,"value":104},"でさらに掘り下げている。そして",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":106,"children":108},{"href":107},"\u002Fblog\u002Fionq-skywater-acquisition-explained",[109],{"type":26,"value":110},"詳しく検証した",{"type":26,"value":112},"SkyWater Technology買収は、IonQに量子ビット周辺の電極、フォトニクス、制御用ハードウェアについて完全に国内で完結し防衛用途の認可を受けたサプライチェーンをもたらす。量子ビットの物理特性とは関係なく、政府調達に対する本物の強みだ。",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":114,"children":115},{},[116],{"type":26,"value":117},"これらはいずれも、Googleのしきい値以下成果ほど独立に検証されてはいない。IonQのフィデリティ、デコーダー、ゲート速度に関する主張はIonQ自身の数字だ。しかし商業面と政府部門での牽引力はマーケティングの主張とは異なり、外部から報告され監査可能なものであり、これほど若いハードウェア企業が研究資金だけでなくこの規模の実際の売上成長を示すのは珍しい。この組み合わせ、実証された商業的な引き合いと筋の通ったハードウェアロードマップこそが、IonQが同等かそれ以上のラボ成果を持ちながら商業的な実績がはるかに薄い競合他社より上位にランクされる理由だ。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":119,"children":121},{"id":120},"_4-quantinuum",[122],{"type":26,"value":123},"4. Quantinuum",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":125,"children":126},{},[127,129,135],{"type":26,"value":128},"QuantinuumのHeliosシステムは、約96個の物理量子ビットから48個の誤り訂正済み論理量子ビットを実現したと主張しており、2対1という比率だ。これが確認されれば重要な意味を持つ。超伝導ハードウェア上の表面符号の見積もりは通常、論理量子ビット1個あたり物理量子ビットが数百から数千個に及ぶからだ。",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":130,"children":132},{"href":131},"\u002Fblog\u002Fquantinuum-helios-logical-qubits-2026",[133],{"type":26,"value":134},"この比率がそもそもなぜ可能なのかはこちらで解説している",{"type":26,"value":136},"。トラップイオン方式の全対全接続性により、平面型の超伝導チップでは配線できない非局所的なパリティチェックが可能になる。Quantinuumは2026年に156億ドルの評価額で株式公開し、それは数か月前の直近の非公開ラウンドを50%以上上回る水準だった。ハネウェルは議決権の約48%を保持している。このIPOの反応は、市場が技術的な話を信じていることを示している。IonQのフィデリティに関する主張と同様、この2対1という数字もベンダー自身の報告であり、まだ独立に再現されていない。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":138,"children":140},{"id":139},"_5-d-wave",[141],{"type":26,"value":142},"5. D-Wave",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":144,"children":145},{},[146],{"type":26,"value":147},"D-Waveは別のカテゴリーに属する。ゲート方式ではなくアニーリング方式であり、そのために過小評価されやすい。2026年第1四半期の受注は前年比でほぼ20倍に急増し3340万ドルに達したが、計上済みの売上高は比較的少額の290万ドルにとどまり、受注残は本物だが計上までの遅れが長いことを示している。5億8800万ドルの手元資金がその間を待つ余裕を与えている。フロリダ・アトランティック大学やフォーチュン100企業との量子クラウドアクセス契約は、アニーリングに自然に当てはまる最適化問題というニッチに、依然として活発な商業需要があることを示している。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":149,"children":151},{"id":150},"_6-rigetti-computing",[152],{"type":26,"value":153},"6. Rigetti Computing",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":155,"children":156},{},[157],{"type":26,"value":158},"Rigettiは、このリストの中で語られている話と実際の数字との差が最も大きい企業だ。108量子ビットの超伝導システムCepheus-1は2026年4月に一般提供に達したが、当初の2025年第4四半期という目標からずれ込んでおり、可変結合器のフィデリティ問題が原因だった。出荷後に報告された2量子ビットゲートのフィデリティは99〜99.1%程度で、Rigetti自身の目標である99.5%を下回り、IonQとQuantinuumがそれぞれのプラットフォームについて主張する数字を大きく下回る。2026年第1四半期の売上高は440万ドルで、同じ四半期のIonQの6470万ドルのごく一部に過ぎない。公開情報ではDARPAプログラムの節目での後退も報じられており、現時点でロードマップの大半を自己資金でまかなっている企業にとって、さらなる圧力となっている。",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":160,"children":161},{},[162],{"type":26,"value":163},"真に評価できる強みは一つ、財務基盤だ。約5億6900万ドルの現金、無借金、四半期あたり約2600万ドルの資金消費率で、これは本物の活動余地を買っている。これは率直に評価する価値がある。強固な手元資金は慰めではなく、本物の資産だからだ。しかし現金が買うのは時間であって競争上の地位ではない。そして量子コンピュータが実際に役立つ仕事をするかどうかを本当に予測する指標、フィデリティ、論理量子ビットの進展、独立した商業的牽引力において、RigettiはIBM、Google、IonQ、Quantinuumと並んでいるのではなく、その後ろを走っている。1000量子ビット超を目指す同社自身の公開ロードマップは、数字を見る限り、並走する道というより数年がかりの追い上げのように読める。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":165,"children":167},{"id":166},"_7-psiquantum",[168],{"type":26,"value":169},"7. PsiQuantum",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":171,"children":172},{},[173],{"type":26,"value":174},"フォトニック方式でフォールトトレランスを最優先するPsiQuantumは、2025年9月にシリーズEで10億ドルを調達し、オーストラリア連邦政府とクイーンズランド州政府から約9億4000万オーストラリアドル（約6億2000万米ドル）の資金コミットメントを取り付けた。ブリスベンの施設の建設は2026年6月に着工したが、納入予定は当初の2027年から2029年に後退している。PsiQuantumは商用システムを一度も出荷したことがなく、フォールトトレラントなマシンが大規模に構築された初回で動作することにすべてを賭けている。このリストにあるゲート方式の競合他社とは根本的に異なるリスクプロファイルであり、それらはいずれも今日、ノイズはあるものの実際に動くハードウェアを現場に持っている。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":176,"children":178},{"id":177},"_8-xanadu",[179],{"type":26,"value":180},"8. Xanadu",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":182,"children":183},{},[184],{"type":26,"value":185},"Xanaduは2026年3月にナスダックとトロント証券取引所に上場し、3億200万ドルを調達した。そのモジュール型フォトニックシステムAuroraはリアルタイム誤り訂正を実現したと主張しており、独立に検証されれば意味のある技術的な一歩となる。同社のPennyLaneフレームワークは、どのハードウェアを対象にするかにかかわらず、量子機械学習分野で最も広く使われているオープンソースツールの一つであり続けており、自社チップが勝つかどうかに依存しないエコシステム上の足場をXanaduに与えている。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":187,"children":189},{"id":188},"_9-pasqal",[190],{"type":26,"value":191},"9. Pasqal",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":193,"children":194},{},[195],{"type":26,"value":196},"中性原子方式のPasqalは3億4000万ユーロを調達し、2026年下半期に完了予定のSPAC合併で20億ドルの評価額を付けた。公開ロードマップでは2026年に250量子ビットでのアドバンテージ実証を目指し、VelaおよびCentaurusシステムで1万量子ビット超への道筋を描いている。中性原子はトラップイオンや超伝導量子ビットに比べて商業化の段階としてはまだ早いが、Pasqalの資金力と（特に欧州における）政府との関係は、その規模に到達するための本物の持久力を与えている。",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":198,"children":200},{"id":199},"_10-quera-computing",[201],{"type":26,"value":202},"10. 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Computing",{"type":26,"value":224},"は、マイクロソフトのQuNorthグループと誤り訂正で協業しながら、2026年末までに1200以上の物理量子ビット上で50個の論理量子ビットを目指している。",{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":226,"children":227},{},[228],{"type":26,"value":229},"IQM",{"type":26,"value":231},"はブラックロックから5000万ユーロを調達し、18億ドルのSPAC評価額を達成、EU初の純粋な量子ハードウェア上場企業として自らを位置づけており、すでに13社の顧客に21台のシステムを販売済みだ。",{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":233,"children":234},{},[235],{"type":26,"value":236},"Infleqtion",{"type":26,"value":238},"は2026年2月にニューヨーク証券取引所に上場し、1600個の物理量子ビットとフィデリティ99.73%を報告している。",{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":240,"children":241},{},[242],{"type":26,"value":243},"Microsoft",{"type":26,"value":245},"は2026年6月にトポロジカル量子ビットのMajorana 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Only the package and import path changed.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":2258,"children":2260},{"id":2259},"circuiterror-on-measure-register-size-mismatch",[2261,2267,2268,2274],{"type":21,"tag":395,"props":2262,"children":2264},{"className":2263},[],[2265],{"type":26,"value":2266},"CircuitError",{"type":26,"value":1507},{"type":21,"tag":395,"props":2269,"children":2271},{"className":2270},[],[2272],{"type":26,"value":2273},".measure()",{"type":26,"value":2275},": register size mismatch",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2277,"children":2278},{},[2279],{"type":26,"value":2280},"This one is a genuine circuit bug rather than an API change, and it shows up constantly for beginners:",{"type":21,"tag":388,"props":2282,"children":2284},{"className":440,"code":2283,"language":442,"meta":8,"style":8},"qc = QuantumCircuit(3, 2)  # 3 qubits, only 2 classical bits\nqc.measure([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2])  # CircuitError: index 2 out of range\n",[2285],{"type":21,"tag":395,"props":2286,"children":2287},{"__ignoreMap":8},[2288,2326],{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2289,"children":2290},{"class":401,"line":402},[2291,2295,2299,2303,2308,2312,2316,2321],{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2292,"children":2293},{"style":458},[2294],{"type":26,"value":521},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2296,"children":2297},{"style":452},[2298],{"type":26,"value":526},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2300,"children":2301},{"style":458},[2302],{"type":26,"value":531},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2304,"children":2305},{"style":534},[2306],{"type":26,"value":2307},"3",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2309,"children":2310},{"style":458},[2311],{"type":26,"value":583},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2313,"children":2314},{"style":534},[2315],{"type":26,"value":537},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2317,"children":2318},{"style":458},[2319],{"type":26,"value":2320},")  ",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2322,"children":2323},{"style":509},[2324],{"type":26,"value":2325},"# 3 qubits, only 2 classical bits\n",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2327,"children":2328},{"class":401,"line":288},[2329,2334,2338,2342,2346,2350,2354,2359,2363,2367,2371,2375,2379,2384],{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2330,"children":2331},{"style":458},[2332],{"type":26,"value":2333},"qc.measure([",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2335,"children":2336},{"style":534},[2337],{"type":26,"value":555},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2339,"children":2340},{"style":458},[2341],{"type":26,"value":583},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2343,"children":2344},{"style":534},[2345],{"type":26,"value":588},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2347,"children":2348},{"style":458},[2349],{"type":26,"value":583},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2351,"children":2352},{"style":534},[2353],{"type":26,"value":537},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2355,"children":2356},{"style":458},[2357],{"type":26,"value":2358},"], [",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2360,"children":2361},{"style":534},[2362],{"type":26,"value":555},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2364,"children":2365},{"style":458},[2366],{"type":26,"value":583},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2368,"children":2369},{"style":534},[2370],{"type":26,"value":588},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2372,"children":2373},{"style":458},[2374],{"type":26,"value":583},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2376,"children":2377},{"style":534},[2378],{"type":26,"value":537},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2380,"children":2381},{"style":458},[2382],{"type":26,"value":2383},"])  ",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2385,"children":2386},{"style":509},[2387],{"type":26,"value":2388},"# CircuitError: index 2 out of range\n",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2390,"children":2391},{},[2392,2394,2400],{"type":26,"value":2393},"The classical register has fewer bits than the quantity of qubits you're trying to measure into. Either size the classical register to match what you measure, or use ",{"type":21,"tag":395,"props":2395,"children":2397},{"className":2396},[],[2398],{"type":26,"value":2399},"qc.measure_all()",{"type":26,"value":2401},", which auto-creates a matching classical register for every qubit in the circuit.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":2403,"children":2405},{"id":2404},"transpilererror-circuit-doesnt-match-backend",[2406,2412],{"type":21,"tag":395,"props":2407,"children":2409},{"className":2408},[],[2410],{"type":26,"value":2411},"TranspilerError",{"type":26,"value":2413},": circuit doesn't match backend",{"type":21,"tag":388,"props":2415,"children":2417},{"className":440,"code":2416,"language":442,"meta":8,"style":8},"qc = QuantumCircuit(20)\n# ... build a 20-qubit circuit ...\ntranspile(qc, backend)  # TranspilerError if backend supports fewer qubits\n",[2418],{"type":21,"tag":395,"props":2419,"children":2420},{"__ignoreMap":8},[2421,2445,2453],{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2422,"children":2423},{"class":401,"line":402},[2424,2428,2432,2436,2441],{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2425,"children":2426},{"style":458},[2427],{"type":26,"value":521},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2429,"children":2430},{"style":452},[2431],{"type":26,"value":526},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2433,"children":2434},{"style":458},[2435],{"type":26,"value":531},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2437,"children":2438},{"style":534},[2439],{"type":26,"value":2440},"20",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2442,"children":2443},{"style":458},[2444],{"type":26,"value":542},{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2446,"children":2447},{"class":401,"line":288},[2448],{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2449,"children":2450},{"style":509},[2451],{"type":26,"value":2452},"# ... build a 20-qubit circuit ...\n",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2454,"children":2455},{"class":401,"line":495},[2456,2461],{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2457,"children":2458},{"style":458},[2459],{"type":26,"value":2460},"transpile(qc, backend)  ",{"type":21,"tag":399,"props":2462,"children":2463},{"style":509},[2464],{"type":26,"value":2465},"# TranspilerError if backend supports fewer qubits\n",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2467,"children":2468},{},[2469,2471,2477,2479,2485,2486,2492,2494,2500],{"type":26,"value":2470},"This means the circuit needs more qubits than the target backend has, or uses a gate outside the backend's basis gate set and ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2472,"children":2474},{"href":2473},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftranspilation",[2475],{"type":26,"value":2476},"transpilation",{"type":26,"value":2478}," can't find a valid mapping. 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It is a real object subject to real physics, which means it drifts, absorbs stray energy, and loses its quantum state on a timescale measured in microseconds to seconds. That decay is ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2722,"children":2724},{"href":2723},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdecoherence",[2725],{"type":26,"value":2726},"decoherence",{"type":26,"value":2728},", and the ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2730,"children":2732},{"href":2731},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ft1-t2-time",[2733],{"type":26,"value":2734},"T1 and T2 times",{"type":26,"value":2736}," that quantify it are among the few hardware specs worth reading closely.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2738,"children":2739},{},[2740,2741,2750],{"type":26,"value":2713},{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":2742,"children":2743},{},[2744],{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2745,"children":2747},{"href":2746},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flogical-qubit",[2748],{"type":26,"value":2749},"logical qubit",{"type":26,"value":2751}," is not hardware. It is a qubit's worth of quantum information spread across many physical qubits, arranged so that errors on individual members are detected and undone without ever measuring, and thereby destroying, the encoded state. IonQ describes logical qubits as software-defined, and that framing is a good one: the logical qubit is a construction that hardware supports rather than a thing you point to.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2753,"children":2754},{},[2755,2757,2763,2765,2771,2773,2779],{"type":26,"value":2756},"The technique is ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2758,"children":2760},{"href":2759},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fquantum-error-correction",[2761],{"type":26,"value":2762},"quantum error correction",{"type":26,"value":2764},", and our ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2766,"children":2768},{"href":2767},"\u002Fblog\u002Funderstanding-quantum-error-correction",[2769],{"type":26,"value":2770},"companion post on QEC",{"type":26,"value":2772}," covers the mechanics: parity checks, ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2774,"children":2776},{"href":2775},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fancilla-qubit",[2777],{"type":26,"value":2778},"ancilla qubits",{"type":26,"value":2780},", the surface code lattice. This post is about the accounting: what encoding costs, when it pays off, and what else fault tolerance demands beyond the encoding itself.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":2782,"children":2784},{"id":2783},"why-how-many-qubits-is-nearly-meaningless",[2785],{"type":26,"value":2786},"Why \"how many qubits?\" is nearly meaningless",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2788,"children":2789},{},[2790,2792,2797],{"type":26,"value":2791},"Here is the uncomfortable arithmetic. If your physical error rate is above the threshold of your error-correcting code, encoding does not help. The extra qubits and the extra gates needed to perform parity checks each introduce errors of their own. Add more of them and you add more noise than you remove. A headline of 1,000 physical qubits with mediocre fidelity is compatible with ",{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":2793,"children":2794},{},[2795],{"type":26,"value":2796},"zero",{"type":26,"value":2798}," logical qubits, not few, zero.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2800,"children":2801},{},[2802],{"type":26,"value":2803},"Meanwhile a smaller, cleaner machine is sometimes strictly more useful. IonQ argues this point aggressively, claiming that a system of 100 physical qubits at 99.99% two-qubit gate fidelity would likely outperform a 10,000-qubit system of lower-quality qubits encoding 100 logical ones: on overhead, gate speed, universality, and energy. That's a vendor making a case for its own architecture and should be read as such, but the underlying logic is sound and widely accepted: quality compounds in a way that quantity does not.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2805,"children":2806},{},[2807,2809,2815],{"type":26,"value":2808},"The compounding is the key mechanism. In a code that corrects one error, roughly speaking, halving the physical error rate quarters the logical error rate. In a code correcting two errors the same improvement gives about an eight-fold gain. IonQ makes this multiplicative argument explicitly, and it explains why hardware teams chase ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2810,"children":2812},{"href":2811},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffidelity",[2813],{"type":26,"value":2814},"fidelity",{"type":26,"value":2816}," improvements that look small in isolation. A 2x hardware win is a 4x or 8x win after encoding.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2818,"children":2819},{},[2820,2822,2828,2830,2835],{"type":26,"value":2821},"This is also why single-number benchmarks keep failing the field. ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2823,"children":2825},{"href":2824},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fquantum-volume",[2826],{"type":26,"value":2827},"Quantum Volume",{"type":26,"value":2829},", algorithmic qubits, gate counts: each captures a slice and hides the rest. We wrote about that measurement problem ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2831,"children":2832},{"href":265},[2833],{"type":26,"value":2834},"in the context of EO 14413",{"type":26,"value":2836},", and it applies with full force here.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":2838,"children":2840},{"id":2839},"the-overhead-is-the-whole-story",[2841],{"type":26,"value":2842},"The overhead is the whole story",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2844,"children":2845},{},[2846],{"type":26,"value":2847},"How many physical qubits does one logical qubit cost? The honest answer is that it depends on two numbers you have to state together: your physical error rate and the logical error rate you're targeting.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2849,"children":2850},{},[2851,2857],{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2852,"children":2854},{"href":2853},"\u002Fresearch\u002Fshor-error-correction-1995",[2855],{"type":26,"value":2856},"Shor's 1995 code",{"type":26,"value":2858},", the first quantum error-correcting code ever written down, used nine physical qubits to protect one logical qubit against an arbitrary single-qubit error. That was a proof that the thing was possible at all. Before it, many physicists believed no-cloning made quantum computing hopeless in principle.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2860,"children":2861},{},[2862,2864,2870],{"type":26,"value":2863},"Nine turned out to be optimistic for practical machines. ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2865,"children":2867},{"href":2866},"\u002Fresearch\u002Fkitaev-anyons-1997",[2868],{"type":26,"value":2869},"Kitaev's 1997 work on anyons",{"type":26,"value":2871}," introduced topological codes, including the surface code, which stores information in global properties of a 2D lattice rather than in any individual site. Its great virtue is that every parity check involves only neighbouring qubits, which maps cleanly onto flat chips, and it tolerates physical error rates around 1%, high enough that real hardware plausibly reaches it.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2873,"children":2874},{},[2875],{"type":26,"value":2876},"The price is scale. Surface code overhead grows with code distance, and realistic estimates for running a cryptographically relevant algorithm land at hundreds to a few thousand physical qubits per logical qubit, with total system requirements often quoted in the millions. Push your physical error rate down and that ratio falls fast. Let it drift up toward threshold and the ratio explodes. Overhead is not a fixed constant of the technology. It is a function of how good your hardware is.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2878,"children":2879},{},[2880],{"type":26,"value":2881},"Newer code families are attacking the ratio directly. IonQ has promoted a bivariate bicycle variant it calls BB5, claiming an idle logical error rate around 5x10⁻⁵ using 50 physical qubits, roughly four times smaller than standard BB codes. Vendor-reported figures like that are worth tracking but not worth treating as settled until independently reproduced.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":2883,"children":2885},{"id":2884},"the-threshold-theorem-and-why-2024-mattered",[2886],{"type":26,"value":2887},"The threshold theorem, and why 2024 mattered",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2889,"children":2890},{},[2891,2893,2898],{"type":26,"value":2892},"The theoretical foundation under all of this is the ",{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":2894,"children":2895},{},[2896],{"type":26,"value":2897},"threshold theorem",{"type":26,"value":2899},". It says there exists a critical physical error rate. Below it, increasing the size of your code suppresses logical errors exponentially. You build them as small as you like by spending more qubits. Above it, the opposite: bigger codes are worse codes.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2901,"children":2902},{},[2903],{"type":26,"value":2904},"For decades this was a theorem without an experiment. Every roadmap in the industry assumed the crossing was achievable. None had demonstrated it.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2906,"children":2907},{},[2908,2910,2916,2918,2923],{"type":26,"value":2909},"That changed with ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2911,"children":2913},{"href":2912},"\u002Fresearch\u002Fgoogle-below-threshold-2024",[2914],{"type":26,"value":2915},"Google's below-threshold result in 2024",{"type":26,"value":2917},". Running surface codes at distances 3, 5, and 7 on its 105-qubit Willow processor, the team observed each increase in code distance roughly ",{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":2919,"children":2920},{},[2921],{"type":26,"value":2922},"halving",{"type":26,"value":2924}," the logical error rate, the direction fault tolerance requires. Critically, the encoded logical qubit outlived the best individual physical qubit on the chip, which is the concrete test of whether error correction is a net win rather than an expensive way to add noise.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2926,"children":2927},{},[2928],{"type":26,"value":2929},"It's hard to overstate the significance. That experiment converted large-scale quantum computing from an open physics question into a scaling and engineering problem. Engineering problems are hard, but they are a different category of hard.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":2931,"children":2933},{"id":2932},"different-hardware-different-arithmetic",[2934],{"type":26,"value":2935},"Different hardware, different arithmetic",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2937,"children":2938},{},[2939],{"type":26,"value":2940},"The threshold is not a single universal number. It depends on the code, and which codes are practical depends on your hardware's connectivity. This is where modality differences stop being trivia.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2942,"children":2943},{},[2944,2949],{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":2945,"children":2946},{},[2947],{"type":26,"value":2948},"Superconducting",{"type":26,"value":2950}," processors offer rapid gates (nanoseconds) and mature fabrication, but qubits interact only with their planar neighbours and fidelities are typically lower. That planar constraint is precisely what the surface code was designed around, which is why superconducting roadmaps are built on it.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2952,"children":2953},{},[2954,2959],{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":2955,"children":2956},{},[2957],{"type":26,"value":2958},"Trapped ions",{"type":26,"value":2960}," invert the trade: gates are far slower (microseconds to milliseconds), but fidelities are the highest of any modality and connectivity is effectively all-to-all: any ion in a chain is entangled with any other without a chain of intervening swap operations. IonQ argues this connectivity is a structural advantage for error correction, because codes requiring non-local checks become implementable rather than prohibitively expensive, and it has claimed 99.99% physical two-qubit gate fidelity via its Oxford Ionics acquisition. Again: vendor claim, vendor benchmark conditions.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2962,"children":2963},{},[2964,2966,2971,2972,2977,2979,2984],{"type":26,"value":2965},"Neither is obviously winning. Our ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2967,"children":2968},{"href":273},[2969],{"type":26,"value":2970},"hardware overview",{"type":26,"value":2071},{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2973,"children":2974},{"href":281},[2975],{"type":26,"value":2976},"modality comparison",{"type":26,"value":2978}," go into the specifics, and the broader ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":2980,"children":2981},{"href":36},[2982],{"type":26,"value":2983},"industry landscape",{"type":26,"value":2985}," tracks who is betting on what. The practical takeaway for anyone learning is that connectivity and fidelity, not qubit count, are the specs that determine which error-correction strategies a machine even attempts.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":2987,"children":2989},{"id":2988},"encoding-is-necessary-not-sufficient",[2990],{"type":26,"value":2991},"Encoding is necessary, not sufficient",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2993,"children":2994},{},[2995],{"type":26,"value":2996},"A subtlety that gets lost in coverage: storing a logical qubit is the easy part of fault tolerance. Computing on one is harder. A genuinely fault-tolerant machine needs all of the following:",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":2998,"children":2999},{},[3000,3005],{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":3001,"children":3002},{},[3003],{"type":26,"value":3004},"Fault-tolerant gate operations.",{"type":26,"value":3006}," Logical gates must be implemented so that a single physical fault cannot propagate into an uncorrectable logical error. Some gates are cheap in a given code. Others are not.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3008,"children":3009},{},[3010,3015],{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":3011,"children":3012},{},[3013],{"type":26,"value":3014},"Continuous syndrome extraction.",{"type":26,"value":3016}," Parity checks run constantly, in rounds, throughout the computation. The measurement circuits are themselves noisy, so the scheme has to tolerate faults in its own error detection.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3018,"children":3019},{},[3020,3025],{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":3021,"children":3022},{},[3023],{"type":26,"value":3024},"Magic state distillation.",{"type":26,"value":3026}," Surface codes give you Clifford gates relatively cheaply, but Clifford gates alone are classically simulable. Universality needs a non-Clifford gate, typically T, and those are produced by distilling noisy \"magic states\" into clean ones. Distillation factories consume a large fraction of the total qubit budget in realistic architectures.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3028,"children":3029},{},[3030,3035],{"type":21,"tag":218,"props":3031,"children":3032},{},[3033],{"type":26,"value":3034},"Real-time decoding.",{"type":26,"value":3036}," Syndrome data must be interpreted and corrections applied faster than errors accumulate. This is a classical computing problem, running at microsecond latency alongside the QPU, and it's a serious engineering constraint in its own right.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3038,"children":3039},{},[3040],{"type":26,"value":3041},"IonQ's framing here is useful regardless of the vendor context: a logical qubit should be characterised by several attributes together: overhead, idle logical error rate, logical gate fidelity, logical gate speed, and gate-set universality, rather than counted. A logical qubit that is stored but not usefully operated on is not much of a logical qubit.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3043,"children":3045},{"id":3044},"where-the-field-stands",[3046],{"type":26,"value":3047},"Where the field stands",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3049,"children":3050},{},[3051],{"type":26,"value":3052},"Honest summary as of mid-2026: logical qubits are real, demonstrated, and few.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3054,"children":3055},{},[3056],{"type":26,"value":3057},"Multiple groups have encoded them. Google has shown error suppression scaling in the right direction. Trapped-ion and neutral-atom teams have run algorithms on minor numbers of encoded qubits. These are genuine milestones, not marketing.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3059,"children":3060},{},[3061,3063,3069,3071,3077,3079,3085],{"type":26,"value":3062},"But useful fault-tolerant computation needs hundreds to thousands of logical qubits executing millions of logical operations, and that means physical qubit counts several orders of magnitude beyond anything running today, with error rates comfortably below threshold across the whole device rather than on the best-behaved corner of a chip. Most working hardware remains firmly in the ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3064,"children":3066},{"href":3065},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fnisq",[3067],{"type":26,"value":3068},"NISQ regime",{"type":26,"value":3070}," that ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3072,"children":3074},{"href":3073},"\u002Fresearch\u002Fpreskill-nisq-2018",[3075],{"type":26,"value":3076},"Preskill named in 2018",{"type":26,"value":3078},", where ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3080,"children":3082},{"href":3081},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ferror-mitigation",[3083],{"type":26,"value":3084},"error mitigation",{"type":26,"value":3086}," (statistical post-processing rather than true correction) is the practical tool.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3088,"children":3089},{},[3090,3092,3097,3099,3105],{"type":26,"value":3091},"None of which means waiting around. The abstractions transfer: circuits, gates, measurement, and noise behave the equivalent way whether you're on a simulator or a fault-tolerant machine a decade out. You begin on ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3093,"children":3094},{"href":822},[3095],{"type":26,"value":3096},"free simulators",{"type":26,"value":3098}," or real QPUs today, and the ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3100,"children":3102},{"href":3101},"\u002Fcourses",[3103],{"type":26,"value":3104},"courses page",{"type":26,"value":3106}," collects structured routes in.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3108,"children":3110},{"id":3109},"the-one-habit-worth-forming",[3111],{"type":26,"value":3112},"The one habit worth forming",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3114,"children":3115},{},[3116,3118,3123],{"type":26,"value":3117},"When you following see a qubit-count headline, ask three questions: what is the two-qubit gate fidelity, is it below the relevant threshold, and how many ",{"type":21,"tag":2696,"props":3119,"children":3120},{},[3121],{"type":26,"value":3122},"logical",{"type":26,"value":3124}," qubits does that imply?",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3126,"children":3127},{},[3128,3130,3136],{"type":26,"value":3129},"Frequently the answer to the third is zero, and the article won't have mentioned it. Learning to notice that gap is most of what separates informed reading from press-release reading. The ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3131,"children":3133},{"href":3132},"\u002Fglossary",[3134],{"type":26,"value":3135},"glossary",{"type":26,"value":3137}," is a decent place to build the vocabulary for it.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":288,"depth":288,"links":3139},[3140,3141,3142,3143,3144,3145,3146,3147],{"id":2705,"depth":288,"text":2708},{"id":2783,"depth":288,"text":2786},{"id":2839,"depth":288,"text":2842},{"id":2884,"depth":288,"text":2887},{"id":2932,"depth":288,"text":2935},{"id":2988,"depth":288,"text":2991},{"id":3044,"depth":288,"text":3047},{"id":3109,"depth":288,"text":3112},"content:blog:logical-qubits-fault-tolerance-explained.md","blog\u002Flogical-qubits-fault-tolerance-explained.md","blog\u002Flogical-qubits-fault-tolerance-explained",[3152,3230,3288,3348],{"_path":3153,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3154,"description":3155,"date":3156,"author":12,"tags":3157,"readingTime":505,"body":3161,"_type":302,"_id":3227,"_source":304,"_file":3228,"_stem":3229,"_extension":307},"\u002Fblog\u002Fcrypto4a-fips-140-3-level-3-quantum-safe-hsm","Crypto4A Passed FIPS 140-3 Level 3 for a Quantum-Safe HSM","Crypto4A's QASM module passed FIPS 140-3 Level 3, the first quantum-safe HSM to reach the bar, with support for all NIST post-quantum algorithms.","2026-08-21",[3158,3159,3160],"Post-Quantum","Security","Cryptography",{"type":18,"children":3162,"toc":3222},[3163,3168,3174,3179,3185,3190,3211,3217],{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3164,"children":3165},{},[3166],{"type":26,"value":3167},"Canadian security firm Crypto4A received NIST FIPS 140-3 Level 3 validation for QASM, the cryptographic module inside its QxHSM hardware security module. The certification, announced August 19, 2026, is the first time a quantum-safe HSM reached Level 3 under the updated FIPS 140-3 standard. Level 3 requires physical tamper response, identity-based authentication, and zeroization of keys when the module detects tampering.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3169,"children":3171},{"id":3170},"what-got-validated",[3172],{"type":26,"value":3173},"What got validated",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3175,"children":3176},{},[3177],{"type":26,"value":3178},"QASM runs the full set of NIST post-quantum algorithms: ML-KEM (FIPS 203) for key exchange, ML-DSA (FIPS 204) and SLH-DSA (FIPS 205) for signatures, plus stateful hash-based schemes like LMS. Hardware security modules generate, store, and manage the keys behind digital identity, financial transactions, and secure communications. A Level 3 validated module gives those keys a physical root of trust.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3180,"children":3182},{"id":3181},"why-crypto-agility-matters",[3183],{"type":26,"value":3184},"Why crypto agility matters",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3186,"children":3187},{},[3188],{"type":26,"value":3189},"Crypto4A pitches the QxHSM and QxVault platforms as crypto-agile. Enterprises and agencies move from legacy RSA and elliptic-curve keys to post-quantum keys without replacing the physical appliance. DigiCert partnered to integrate the validated module into DigiCert ONE for signing, certificate issuance, and public key infrastructure.",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3191,"children":3192},{},[3193,3195,3201,3203,3209],{"type":26,"value":3194},"For teams planning a migration, see our ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3196,"children":3198},{"href":3197},"\u002Fblog\u002Fpost-quantum-migration-deadlines",[3199],{"type":26,"value":3200},"post-quantum migration deadlines guide",{"type":26,"value":3202},". For the algorithms themselves, see our ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3204,"children":3206},{"href":3205},"\u002Fblog\u002Fpost-quantum-cryptography-guide",[3207],{"type":26,"value":3208},"post-quantum cryptography guide",{"type":26,"value":3210},".",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3212,"children":3214},{"id":3213},"what-remains-unproven",[3215],{"type":26,"value":3216},"What remains unproven",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3218,"children":3219},{},[3220],{"type":26,"value":3221},"FIPS 140-3 Level 3 validates a module, not a company's whole product line or its market position. Crypto4A is an Ottawa-based firm led by CEO Bruno Couillard. The announcement is a vendor claim until independent deployments confirm the module in the field. The standard still matters because agencies and critical infrastructure operators face mandatory post-quantum deadlines, and a validated hardware root of trust shortens procurement review.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":288,"depth":288,"links":3223},[3224,3225,3226],{"id":3170,"depth":288,"text":3173},{"id":3181,"depth":288,"text":3184},{"id":3213,"depth":288,"text":3216},"content:blog:crypto4a-fips-140-3-level-3-quantum-safe-hsm.md","blog\u002Fcrypto4a-fips-140-3-level-3-quantum-safe-hsm.md","blog\u002Fcrypto4a-fips-140-3-level-3-quantum-safe-hsm",{"_path":3231,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3232,"description":3233,"date":3156,"author":12,"tags":3234,"readingTime":505,"body":3235,"_type":302,"_id":3285,"_source":304,"_file":3286,"_stem":3287,"_extension":307},"\u002Fblog\u002Fdirac-labs-diamond-navigation-preseed","Dirac Labs Raised $1.8M for Diamond Navigation Sensors","University of Wisconsin-Madison spinout Dirac Labs raised a $1.8 million pre-seed round to build diamond NV-center sensors for GPS-denied navigation.",[14,15],{"type":18,"children":3236,"toc":3280},[3237,3242,3248,3253,3259,3264,3268],{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3238,"children":3239},{},[3240],{"type":26,"value":3241},"Dirac Labs, a University of Wisconsin-Madison spinout, raised $1.8 million in pre-seed funding to prototype diamond-based quantum navigation sensors. TitletownTech led the round, joined by Automotive Ventures, Riceberg Ventures, quantumEDGE Ventures, gradCapital, and angels Balaji Srinivasan and Jude Gomila.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3243,"children":3245},{"id":3244},"how-the-sensors-work",[3246],{"type":26,"value":3247},"How the sensors work",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3249,"children":3250},{},[3251],{"type":26,"value":3252},"The startup's NVD-4 sensor measures local variations in Earth's magnetic field using diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. Geomagnetic signatures pass through rock and water, so the system aims to provide positioning underwater, underground, and in GPS-denied regions where radio signals jam or spoof. AI models handle signal processing and sensor fusion, turning weak geomagnetic readings into location fixes.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3254,"children":3256},{"id":3255},"the-market-fit",[3257],{"type":26,"value":3258},"The market fit",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3260,"children":3261},{},[3262],{"type":26,"value":3263},"The sensors target a plug-and-play form factor that connects to standard GPS ports on aircraft, submarines, autonomous underwater vehicles, and mining equipment. Dirac Labs says the hardware uses standard CMOS fabrication, which lowers cost and supports volume production. Co-founders CEO Sanket Deshpande and COO Aishwarya Das also secured grants from NOAA, the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum, and other programs.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3265,"children":3266},{"id":3213},[3267],{"type":26,"value":3216},{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3269,"children":3270},{},[3271,3273,3279],{"type":26,"value":3272},"Pre-seed rounds fund prototypes, not production. The company has no field-tested unit yet, and the unjammable, unspoofable positioning claims are vendor claims until an independent evaluation runs. For a broader look at quantum sensing, see our ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3274,"children":3276},{"href":3275},"\u002Fblog\u002Finfleqtion-colorado-hq-quantum-sensing-minerals-2027",[3277],{"type":26,"value":3278},"Infleqtion Colorado sensing post",{"type":26,"value":3210},{"title":8,"searchDepth":288,"depth":288,"links":3281},[3282,3283,3284],{"id":3244,"depth":288,"text":3247},{"id":3255,"depth":288,"text":3258},{"id":3213,"depth":288,"text":3216},"content:blog:dirac-labs-diamond-navigation-preseed.md","blog\u002Fdirac-labs-diamond-navigation-preseed.md","blog\u002Fdirac-labs-diamond-navigation-preseed",{"_path":3289,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3290,"description":3291,"date":3156,"author":12,"tags":3292,"readingTime":505,"body":3294,"_type":302,"_id":3345,"_source":304,"_file":3346,"_stem":3347,"_extension":307},"\u002Fblog\u002Fquantinuum-albuquerque-integrated-photonics-leda","Quantinuum Got $1.5M to Build an Albuquerque Photonics Hub","Quantinuum received $750,000 from New Mexico and $750,000 from Albuquerque to convert a vacant site into an integrated photonics R&D center.",[14,15,3293],"Trapped-Ion",{"type":18,"children":3295,"toc":3340},[3296,3301,3307,3312,3318,3329,3335],{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3297,"children":3298},{},[3299],{"type":26,"value":3300},"Quantinuum is expanding in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with a $1.5 million state and city incentive package. The State of New Mexico contributed $750,000 and the City of Albuquerque added $750,000 in Local Economic Development Act (LEDA) funds. Quantinuum will convert a vacant site at 5501 Wilshire into lab and office space for integrated photonics.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3302,"children":3304},{"id":3303},"why-integrated-photonics",[3305],{"type":26,"value":3306},"Why integrated photonics",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3308,"children":3309},{},[3310],{"type":26,"value":3311},"Integrated photonics sits at the center of Quantinuum's next-generation trapped-ion machines. Miniaturized, chip-scale photonics guide, modulate, and deliver laser light for qubit state manipulation, addressing, and optical entanglement across multi-zone trapped-ion QPUs. A dedicated facility in New Mexico puts the work near Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the University of New Mexico.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3313,"children":3315},{"id":3314},"the-regional-bet",[3316],{"type":26,"value":3317},"The regional bet",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3319,"children":3320},{},[3321,3323,3328],{"type":26,"value":3322},"New Mexico has directed more than $450 million toward quantum research, startup infrastructure, and defense partnerships. The Albuquerque hub adds to Quantinuum's headquarters in Broomfield, Colorado and its centers in the US, UK, Germany, Japan, and Singapore. For trapped-ion context, see our ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3324,"children":3325},{"href":131},[3326],{"type":26,"value":3327},"Quantinuum Helios logical qubits post",{"type":26,"value":3210},{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3330,"children":3332},{"id":3331},"what-the-funding-does-not-buy",[3333],{"type":26,"value":3334},"What the funding does not buy",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3336,"children":3337},{},[3338],{"type":26,"value":3339},"This is a facilities and workforce expansion, not a new hardware result. The funding is modest next to the company's research spend, and the value shows only when the photonics work yields a smaller, more scalable trapped-ion system. The near-term signal is regional: a national laboratory ecosystem in New Mexico and a company building photonics capability inside it.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":288,"depth":288,"links":3341},[3342,3343,3344],{"id":3303,"depth":288,"text":3306},{"id":3314,"depth":288,"text":3317},{"id":3331,"depth":288,"text":3334},"content:blog:quantinuum-albuquerque-integrated-photonics-leda.md","blog\u002Fquantinuum-albuquerque-integrated-photonics-leda.md","blog\u002Fquantinuum-albuquerque-integrated-photonics-leda",{"_path":3349,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3350,"description":3351,"date":3156,"author":12,"tags":3352,"readingTime":505,"body":3354,"_type":302,"_id":3414,"_source":304,"_file":3415,"_stem":3416,"_extension":307},"\u002Fblog\u002Fqusquare-benchmark-prefault-tolerant-devices","QuSquare Benchmarks Pre-Fault-Tolerant Quantum Devices","Researchers in Spain published QuSquare, an open-source benchmark with four tests for evaluating today's noisy quantum hardware.",[14,15,3353],"Performance",{"type":18,"children":3355,"toc":3409},[3356,3361,3367,3372,3378,3383,3389],{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3357,"children":3358},{},[3359],{"type":26,"value":3360},"Researchers at the University of the Basque Country and BCAM published QuSquare, a benchmark suite for evaluating quantum devices before fault tolerance. The paper appeared in Quantum Science and Technology (DOI 10.1088\u002F2058-9565\u002Fae917c) with an open-source implementation.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3362,"children":3364},{"id":3363},"the-problem-the-suite-targets",[3365],{"type":26,"value":3366},"The problem the suite targets",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3368,"children":3369},{},[3370],{"type":26,"value":3371},"Hardware vendors publish many different metrics, and results rarely compare across architectures. QuSquare's authors argue misleading performance numbers distort research priorities. The suite builds relevance, reproducibility, fairness, verifiability, and scalability into four tests for fair comparisons across superconducting, trapped-ion, neutral-atom, and photonic systems.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3373,"children":3375},{"id":3374},"the-four-benchmarks",[3376],{"type":26,"value":3377},"The four benchmarks",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3379,"children":3380},{},[3381],{"type":26,"value":3382},"The suite runs a Partial Clifford randomized benchmark for gate accuracy, a multipartite entanglement test measuring how well a device builds genuine GHZ states, a transverse-field Ising model simulation for many-body dynamics, and a data re-uploading quantum neural network for classification. The entanglement and QNN tests include adjustable parameters, so a smaller or noisier device still runs a fair version.",{"type":21,"tag":43,"props":3384,"children":3386},{"id":3385},"why-this-matters",[3387],{"type":26,"value":3388},"Why this matters",{"type":21,"tag":22,"props":3390,"children":3391},{},[3392,3394,3400,3401,3407],{"type":26,"value":3393},"QuSquare targets pre-fault-tolerant hardware, the machines available today, rather than hypothetical fault-tolerant systems. For readers running benchmarks themselves, see our ",{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3395,"children":3397},{"href":3396},"\u002Fblog\u002Frandomized-benchmarking-qiskit-experiments",[3398],{"type":26,"value":3399},"randomized benchmarking guide",{"type":26,"value":2071},{"type":21,"tag":34,"props":3402,"children":3404},{"href":3403},"\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-volume-benchmarking-tutorial",[3405],{"type":26,"value":3406},"quantum volume tutorial",{"type":26,"value":3408},". The suite is a research tool, not a product, and its value depends on adoption by hardware teams.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":288,"depth":288,"links":3410},[3411,3412,3413],{"id":3363,"depth":288,"text":3366},{"id":3374,"depth":288,"text":3377},{"id":3385,"depth":288,"text":3388},"content:blog:qusquare-benchmark-prefault-tolerant-devices.md","blog\u002Fqusquare-benchmark-prefault-tolerant-devices.md","blog\u002Fqusquare-benchmark-prefault-tolerant-devices",1787493247906]